Tenses

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Tenses

2.1 Present Tense

All verbs (except be) have one form for all persons except the third singular . The third person singular is usually formed by adding-s to the simple, or infinitive form.

I You	write write	go go	am are	have have	fix fix
He She It	writes	goes	is	has	fixes
We You They	write	go	are	have	fix

2.2 The uses of the present tense are:

1. To express a condition that exists at the moment of speaking and may continue for a short time.

- They are angry

- She seems happy about the news.

2. To express a general truth.

- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

- The earth revolves around the sun.

3 . To express the idea that an activity or capability existed before the

moment of speaking, existed at the moment of speaking and may continue

- She speaks fluent English.

- My country produces a lot of materials.

4. To express a customary or habitual action.

- I usually take the bus to work.

- I some times sleep late on Sunday

5. To express future time.

- He leaves for Europe next week.

- The movie starts at eight

2.3 Past Tens

The past tense of a regular verb is formed by adding - ed or - d - to the base form . The form is the same for all persons, both singular and plural.

	Present Tense	Past Tense
Regular Verb	Talk Agree Study	Talked Agreed Studied
Irregular Verb	Speak Fly come	Spoke Flew came

An exception is the verb BE, which has two past forms.

I was We were

You were You were

He was They were

2.4 The uses of the past tense are:

1. To express an activity that occurred at a definite time in the past.

- It rained yesterday.

- They came here a year ago.

2. To express an activity that occurred at an unspecified time in the past.

- He came to see us about his schedule.

- He spoke to the captain about it.

3. To express au activity that occurred in the past over a continuous period of time, but doesn’t continue to the present moment of speaking.

- He studied French when he was in high school .

2.5 Present Progressive Tense

The present progressive is formed with the present tense forms of the auxiliary be plus the - ing form of the verb .This tense is also called present continuous.

Singular Plural

Subject form of be +-ing form	Subject form of be +-ing form
I am studying	We are studying
You are writing	You are writing
HE She is working It	They are working

2.6 The uses of present progressive are:

1. To express an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking.•

- David and his uncle are playing cards now.

- You are reading this sentence now.

2. To express an activity that occurred in the past, is going on. at the time of

speaking, and will probably continue into the future.

-Mary is studying music in New York.

- Fred is working for an oil company.

3. To express an activity that will take place in the future

- We are going to that new movie after supper.

- We are buying a new car as soon as the new models come out.

4. To express a frequently repeated or habitual action that is usually by the simple present tense It is used in combination with the adverb always.

- My son is always learning new things. .

2.7. Past Progressive Tense:

This tense is formed with the past tense forms of the auxiliary verb BE plus the –ing form of the verb. This tense is also called past continuous.

Singular Plural

Subject form of be +-ing form	Subject form of be +-ing form
I was studying	We were studying
You were writing	You were writing
HE She was working It	They were working

The past Progressive is used to show that an activity was in progress in the past when another activity occurred. It is frequently used with the Past Tense.

- I was eating dinner when Tom called

- While they were playing tennis, it rained.

2.8 Present Perfect Tense:

This tense is formed with the forms of the auxiliary verbs HAVE or HAS plus the past participle of the verb.

Singular Plural

Subject Auxiliary Verb PP	Subject form of be +-ing form
I have spoken	We have seen
You have driven	You have flown
HE She has gone It	They have studied

2.9. Uses of the Present Perfect:

1. It is used to show that an action started in the past and continued until the moment of speaking and finished.

- We have finished reading this story.

- She has just closed the store.

2. This tense is used to express that the action started in the past continued to the moment of speaking, but we are not sure if it Is going to continue in the future Or not.. Or we don’t know at all,

- I have taught this subject for 12 years.

- He has driven his mother’s car.

2.10 Past Perfect:

This tense is formed with only one form of the auxiliary verb to have, which is the past form of have = had plus the verb in the past participle form for all persons.

Singular Plural

Subject Auxiliary(had) Verb PP	Subject Auxiliary(had) Verb PP
I had spoken	We had seen
You had driven	You had flown
HE She had gone It	They had studied

The past perfect tense is used to show that there were two actions in the past, one occurred before another action, or an action occurred before a specific time in the past.

- I had got married before I graduated.

- He had watched TV before he went to bed.

- She had moved before the accident.

2.11 The Future Tense:

The future verb Phrase may be formed with WILL plus the simple form of the main verb.

Subject Auxiliary(Will) main verb	Subject Auxiliary(Will) main verb
I will eat	We will be
You Will drive	You will read
HE She Will go It	They will study

2.12 Uses of Future:

The Future tense is used to express an action that will take place in the future. WILL is used for all persons. SHALL may be also used for first person singular or plural in formal speech and writing.

- He will see you tomorrow at eight o’clock.

- I will do my best to help you.

- We will discuss that later.

- Shall I pick you up at eight tonight.

2 . Future time may be expressed by present tense.

- He graduates tomorrow.

- They leave Sunday morning.

3. Future time may be expressed by present progressive tense.

- They are opening the new store next week.

- She is cooking dinner for us tonight.

4. The. Auxiliary “going to” combines a form of Be with “going to” followed by a main verb This form is very common in spoken English.

Subject + Be+ going to+ Main Verb	Subject + Be+ going to+ Main Verb
I am going to walk	We are going to walk
You are going to answer	You are going to answer
HE She is going to finish It	They are going to study

2.13 Linking Verbs:

A linking verb in a statement can be followed by a subject compliment(a noun or adjective) . This subject complement modifies the subject. The most common linking verbs are :

a. BE.

1. John is a student. (noun complement).

2. The men are hungry. (adjective complement).

3. Lackland is an air force base. ( noun complement)

4. The captain was angry. (Adjective complement)

b. Verbs of Perception:

1. I feel uncomfortable with those people

2. Your perfume smells wonderful.

3. This ice cream tastes too sweet.

4. That chair looks comfortable.

5. The music sounds very loud.

c. The verbs, ( get , turn , grow) when they mean become.