Parts of Speech

Noun: A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples:

cowboy, theater, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival. 

Verb: A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples:

walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want. 

Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun. Examples:

big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important. 

Adverb: An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Examples:

slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere 

Pronoun: A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they 

Conjunction A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Examples:

but, so, and, because, or. 

Preposition: A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Examples:

on, in, by, with, under, through, at. 

Interjection: An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples:

Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha! 

Article: An article is used to introduce a noun. Examples:

the, a, an.  

Résumé abuiyad

                    

    Tag questions are fun, aren’t they?

                                                    +                 -

                          Tag questions aren’t fun, are they?

                                                                     -                             +           

                1)  If first verb is positive, second is negative.

                               If first verb is negative, second is positive.

                           You can speak French, can’t you?                                              

                                          +                                                                     -

                           You can’t speak French, can you?

                                           -                                                                         +

               2)  Subject and main verb/helping verb are switched.

                         

                        She     is here, isn’t      she?

                3)  Subject becomes object pronoun.

                    The movie was scary, wasn’t it?                                                  

                      Susan will come, won’t she?                                                      

                 Mike should study more, shouldn’t he?                                      

                  These boxes are heavy, aren’t they?

                4)  If first verb is have/has/had + past participle,

                                                                                                           

                                     second will repeat have/has/had.

                                    Jim hadn’t called, had he?

                        They haven’t finished yet, have they?    

Jess                              Rica has visited New York, hasn’t she?

                5)  If first verb is simple present/simple past,

                         second will be do/does (Present)/did(Past).

                        He has a car, doesn’t he?

                               Jennifer graduated, didn’t she?

                         They work hard, don’t they?

                             **Exceptions**

                  He has never visited Puerto Rico, has he?

              I am correct, aren’t I?  I am not correct, am I?

Complete the following attached questions.

 1.  We are having fun, _______________?

 2.  You can dance the lambada, _____________?

 3.  Steve won't be at the party, ______________?

 4.  You were tardy this morning, ______________?

 5.  Joe has a new car, ________________?

 6.  You didn't call your family last night, ____________?

 7.  Children shouldn't stay up late, ________________?

 8.  Switzerland has never had a revolution, ________________?

 9.  There is a test on Friday, _______________?

 10.  It isn't freezing outside yet, _______________?

 11.  There has never been a woman President, ______________?

 12.  English is a difficult language, _______________?

 13.  I am going to have another OPI soon, ________________?

 14.  We can leave now, ______________?

 15.  We can't leave yet, ______________?

 16.  Tomorrow is the 16th, ____________?

 17.  Paris is the capital of France, _______________?

 18.  Writing in a foreign language isn't fun, _____________?

 19.  Dogs like to chase cats, _______________?

 20.  Your mother has a headache, ________________?

 21.  The next ECL will be easy, _______________?

 22.  We aren't having fun, _____________?

 23.  Mary is pretty, _____________?

 24.  Joe didn't pass the last book quiz, _____________?

 25.  No one should smoke inside this building, ___________?

 26.  Columbus didn't land in Florida, ______________?

 27.  Dallas isn't the capital of Texas, _____________?

 28.  Pavarotti has never appeared in San Antonio, _________?

 29.  Steve got sick during the ECL, _________________?

 30.  Joe lost his wallet, __________________?

 31.  Tom had never been to Mexico until last weekend, ______?

 32.  They are dismissing us early today, _________________?

 33.  Jim has an interesting accent, __________________?

 34.  There were some bad accidents on Highway 90 yesterday, _________________?

 35.  You have never been married, __________________?

 36.  We won't have another ECL this week, _________________?

 37.  Joe has a good stamp collection, _______________?

 38.  Maria had a good ECL score last week, ______________?

 39.  Joe and Maria have been dating each other, _______________?

 40.  It's difficult to study a foreign language, ___________?

 41.  There was a bad storm in Colorado yesterday, __________?

 42.  There will be another ECL next week, _______________?

 43.  You have two children, ___________________?

 44.  Steve isn't going to the movie with us, _____________?

 45.  You aren't in the military, __________________?

 46.  It's time to finish this exercise, __________________?

 47.  We can leave early today, _______________?

 48.  Joe hasn't ever visited the Alamo, ___________________?

 49.  I am going to have a different teacher next week,______?

 50.  This was not very difficult to do, ___________________?

 51.  Joe has to go see the Captain, _________________?

 52.  Joe had to go see the Captain yesterday, ____________?

 53.  Tom is scheduled for another OPI tomorrow, ___________? 

 54.  I am scheduled for another OPI tomorrow, _____________?

 55.  I have to do another OPI tomorrow, _____________?

 56.  She has to take another OPI tomorrow, _________________?

 57.  This was an easy exercise, _______________?

 58.  You would like to do more tag questions, _____________?

 59.  We shouldn't stop now, _______________?

 60.  Joe thinks we should stop, _____________?

 61.  Joe said we should stop, ______________?

 62.  He disappointed the coach, ___________________?

 63.  Ms. Delgado  used to live in Hawaii, _______________?

64.    I am going to graduate next week, ______________?

65.  She has a criminal record, _________?
a.  does she        b.  has she       c. doesn’t she         d.  isn’t she

66.  He uses a guide dog, ________?
a.  has he           b.  hasn’t he          c.  didn’t he          d.  doesn’t he

67.  We are studying for the ECL, ________?
a.  don’t we        b.  aren’t we          c.  are we              d.  haven’t we

68.  Jack studies very hard, ________?
a. doesn’t he       b.  didn’t he          c.  isn’t h            d.  hasn’t he

69.  She can’t speak Spanish, ________?
a.  can’t she       b.  does she            c.  can she             d. doesn’t she

70.  Andy doesn’t have a Ferrari, _______?
a.  does he          b.  doesn’t he         c.  has he              d.  hasn’t he

71.  Meg isn’t your friend, ________?
a.  does she         b.  was she             c.  were she            d.  is she

72.  The manager didn’t get the message, _______?
a.  didn’t he       b.  did he              c.  has he              d.  does he

73.  They don’t like doughnuts, ________?
a.  does they        b.  don’t they         c.  do they             d.  doesn’t they

74. Those guys are from the electrical company, ________?
a.  wasn’t they     b.  don’t they         c.  hasn’t they        d.  aren’t they

75. Students have problems with tag questions, ________?
a.  have they        b.  don’t they         c.  aren’t they        d.  did they

76. The explosions broke the windows, ________?
a.  didn’t they     b.  did they            c.  weren’t they       d.  haven’t they

77. The explosions have broken the windows, ________?
a.  didn’t they     b.  did they            c.  weren’t they       d.  haven’t they

78. He has passed the ECL, ________?
a.  has he           b.  hasn’t he          c.  didn’t he          d.  haven’t he

79.  The drill sergeants haven’t called, _________?
a.  haven’t they    b.  didn’t they        c.  did they            d.  have they 

                                ANSWERS

1.aren’t we                             40.isn’t it        

2.can’t you                             41.wasn’t there

3.will he                                42.won’t there

4.weren’t you                           43.don’t you

5.doesn’t he                     44.is he

6.did you                                45.are you

7.should they                     46.isn’t it

8.has it                                 47.can’t we

9.isn’t there                           48.has he

10.is it                                 49.aren’t I

11.has there                      50.was it

12.isn’t it                             51.doesn’t he

13.aren’t I                             52.didn’t he

14.can’t we                             53.isn’t he

15.can we                                54.aren’t I

16.isn’t it                             55.don’t I

17.isn’t it                             56.doesn’t she

18.is it                                 57.wasn’t this

19.don’t they                           58.wouldn’t you

20.doesn’t she                          59.should we

21.won’t it                             60.doesn’t he

22.are we                                61.didn’t he

23.isn’t she                     62.didn’t she

24.did he                                63.didn’t she

25.should they                           64.aren’t I

26.did he                                65.c

27.is it                                 66.d

28.has he                                67.b

29.didn’t he                     68.a

30.didn’t he                     69.c

31.had he                                70.a

32.aren’t they                          71.d

33.doesn’t she                          72.b

34.weren’t there                        73.c

35.have you                              74.d

36.will we                               75.b

37.doesn’t he                           76.a

38.didn’t she                           77.d

39.haven’t they                         78.b

                                         79.d

Résumé abuiyad

Simple Present
Structure:	He works She works It works I work               in an office. You work We work You work They work	NOTE:  The third person singular (he/she/it) always ends in –s. Example:  He works in an office.
Uses:	Permanent truths  (Something that is always true.)	Summer follows Spring.  (Always)
	The present period:  To refer to events, actions or situations which are true in the present period of time and which may continue.	My father works in a bank everyday.  (Key word=everyday)
	Habitual actions:  Things that happen repeatedly. Many times used with an adverb of indefinite frequency.	I sometimes stay up until midnight.  (Keyword=sometimes)
	Future reference:  If there is an idea of a plan or schedule.	We leave tomorrow at 10:00 and arrive at 12:30.  (Keyword=tomorrow)
Present Progressive/Continuous (am/is/are + verb-ing)
Structure:	I am He is She is                      writing. It is                          running. We are You are They are	I’m He’s She’s                    writing. It’s                        running. We’re You’re They’re
Uses:	Actions in progress at the moment of speaking	Someone’s knocking at the door. What are you doing now?  (Keyword=now)
	Planned actions (future reference)	We’re spending next summer in Austria.  (Keyword=next summer)

Simple Past
Structure:	Regular Past I He She                    played. It                        worked. We You They	Irregular Past I He She               shut the book. It                   sat on the floor. We You They
Uses:	Completed actions:  A time reference must be given or understood from context.	Sam phoned a few minutes ago.  (Keyword=ago) I had a word with her this morning.
	Past habits:  (used to)	I smoked two packs a day until I gave it up.  (In the past)
	Immediate past (happened a very short time ago):  This can sometimes be used without a time reference.	Jimmy punched me in the stomach. Did the phone ring?  (In the past)
	Polite inquiries:  This doesn’t refer to a past time.  It’s used many times with verbs like:  hope, think or wonder particularly when asking for favors.	I wonder if you could help me. (Could is more polite than can) I wondered if you could help me.  (more tentative/ polite)
Past Progressive/Continuous (was/were + verb-ing)
Structure:	I was      He was      She was                        waiting.      It was                            working.      We were      You were      They were
Uses:	Actions in progress at some time in the past	John was working on his paper last night.
	Actions which began before something else happened:  Used with the simple past.  The past continuous describes the action in progress and the simple past describes the shorter action.  In this situation, the past progressive is often introduced by conjunctions like:  when, as, just as and while.	Just as I was leaving the house, the phone rang.  (I did NOT finish leaving) We were eating supper when the phone rang.
	Parallel actions:  Two or more actions in progress at the same time.  Use while or at the time.	While I was working, my wife was cooking dinner.
	Polite inquiries:  Even more polite and tentative than the simple past.	I was wondering if you could help me.

Present Perfect (have/has + past participle)
Structure:	He has      She has      It has                                waited.      I have                               left.      We have      You have      They have
Uses:	Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present moment. (for + period of time / since + point of time)	He has been at DLI for one month.  (He is still at DLI) I’ve lived here since 1990.  (I still live here)
	Actions occurring (not occurring) at an unspecified time in the past.	She has finished her homework.  (When is NOT important) Have you seen the new movie?  (Sometime in the past/before)
Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous (have/has  + been + verb-ing)
Structure:	He has been      She has been                       It has been                            waiting      I have                                    eating.      We have been      You have been      They have been
Uses:	Used to emphasize that an activity has been in progress throughout a period of time.	She is tired.  She’s been cleaning the house all day.  (She’s not finished)
	To show an action that is frequently repeated.	He has been calling me every night for the past week.  (He still calls)
	To show that you have come to a conclusion based on direct or indirect evidence. It often occurs in complaints.	You’re eyes are red.  You’ve been crying. The room stinks.  Someone has been smoking in here.

Past Perfect (had + past participle)
Structure:	I had      He had      She had                        waited.      It had                            left.      We had      You had      They had
Uses:	Refers to an earlier past:  Shows which of two events happened first.	The patient had died when the doctor arrived.  (Two actions=died and arrived)
	Can function as the past equivalent of the present perfect.	She is excited because she has never been to a dance before. She was excited because she had never been to a dance before.
	To describe things that we hoped or wished to do, but didn’t.  Used with verbs like:  expect, hope, mean, suppose, think and want.	I had hoped to finish my homework in an hour, but it took much longer.
Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous (had + been + verb-ing)
Structure:	I had been      He had been      She had been                  waiting      It had been                      eating.      We had been      You had been      They had been
Uses:	Used to emphasize that an activity had been in progress throughout a period of time.	She was tired.  She’d been cleaning the house all day.
	To show an action that was frequently repeated.	I was annoyed. He had been calling me every night for a whole week.  (He doesn’t call anymore)
	To show that you have come to a conclusion based on direct or indirect evidence.	Her eyes were red.  It was obvious that she had been crying.

Simple Future (will + simple form verb)
Structure:	Affirmative I will (I’ll) He will (He’ll) She will (She’ll)   It will (It’ll)                         stay. We will (We’ll) You will (You’ll) They will (They’ll)	Negative (will not = won’t)   I will not (I won’t) He will not (He won’t) She will not (She won’t)         stay. It will not (It won’t)                                   We will not (We won’t) You will not (You won’t) They will not (They won’t)
Uses:	To predict events or to invite prediction	It will rain tomorrow.  (Keyword=tomorrow) Will taxes rise next year?  (Keyword=next year)
	To express hope or expectation after verbs like: be afraid, be sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose and think.	I hope that I’ll get the job. I am afraid that I won’t do well on the test.
Other ways of expressing the future:  (Deal more with intentions, plans and arrangements, not simple prediction.	be going to	I’m going to see him tomorrow.
	be to	I’m to see him tomorrow.
	present progressive	I’m seeing him tomorrow.
	simple present	I see him tomorrow.
Future Progressive/Continuous (will + be + verb-ing)
Structure:	I will be      He will be      She will be                   waiting.      It will be                       working.      We will be      You will be      They will be
Uses:	To describe actions which will be in progress in the immediate or distant future.	Hurry!  The guests will be arriving soon.  (Keyword=soon)
	Often used for visualizing a future activity already planned.	Next week at this time, I’ll be relaxing on the beach.  (Keyword=next week)
	Sometimes the future continuous is used to describe a simple future action, but in a softer way.  It takes away the element of deliberate intention often implied by will.	I’ll work on this tomorrow.  (intention, possibly a promise) I’ll be working on this tomorrow.  (just future, no promise)
	Can be used to refer to planned events, particularly in connection with travel.	We’ll be spending the winter in Florida. I’ll be giving a party next week.

Future Perfect (will + have + past participle)
Structure:	I will have      He will have      She will have                   left.      It will have                       finished.      We will have      You will have      They will have
Uses:	To show an action will be completed by a certain time in the future.	I will have retired by the year 2020.  (Keyword=by) I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.
	The continuation of an action up to the time mentioned.	We will have been married a year on May 5th.
Future Perfect Progressive/Continuous (will + have + been + verb-ing)
Structure:	I will have been      He will have been      She will have been              living here for more than 20 years by the      It will have been                  end of the year.      We will have been      You will have been      They will have been
Uses:	The continuation of an action up to the time mentioned.	By this time next week, I will have been working at this company for 25 years.  (Keywords=by the time)

Résumé abuiyad